THE FURTHEST POINTS CHATNET’S FRIENDSHIP
EVERY DAY IS FRIENSHIP DAY FOR US
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[ENGLISH VERSION]
SOURCE/LINK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship
Friendship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Friend"
redirects here. For other uses, see Friends (disambiguation) and Friendship (disambiguation).
Although
there are many forms of friendship, some of which may vary from place to place,
certain characteristics are present in many types of friendship. Such
characteristics include affection, sympathy, empathy, honesty, altruism, mutual understandingand compassion, enjoyment of each other's company, trust,
and the ability to be oneself, express one's feelings, and make mistakes
without fear of judgment from the friend.
While
there is no practical limit on what types of people can form a friendship,
friends tend to share common backgrounds, occupations, or interests, and have
similar demographics.
Contents
[hide]
·
4 Health
·
7 Types
In
the typical sequence of an individual's emotional development, friendships come
after parental bonding and before pair bonding. In the intervening period
between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships
are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the
adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships later in life.[3] The absence of friends can be
emotionally damaging.[4]
The evolutionary
psychology approach to human development has
led to the theory of Dunbar's number, proposed by British
anthropologist Robin Dunbar. He
theorized that there is a limit of approximately 150 people with whom a human
can maintain stable social relationships.[5]
Childhood friends
In
childhood, friendships are often based on the sharing of toys,
and the enjoyment received from performing activities together. These
friendships are maintained through affection, sharing, and creative playtime.
While sharing is difficult for children at this age, they are more likely to
share with someone they consider to be a friend (Newman & Newman, 2012).[full citation
needed] As children mature, they become less
individualized and are more aware of others. They begin to see their friends'
points of view, and enjoy playing in groups. They also experience peer
rejection as they move through the middle childhood years. Establishing good
friendships at a young age helps a child to be better acclimated in society
later on in their life (Newman & Newman, 2012).[full citation
needed]. In a 1975 study,[6] Bigelow and La Gaipa found that
expectations for a "best friend" become increasingly complex as a
child gets older. The study investigated such criteria in a sample of 480
children between the ages of six and fourteen. Their findings highlighted three
stages of development in friendship expectations. In the first stage, children
emphasized shared activities and the importance of geographical closeness. In
the second, they emphasized sharing, loyalty and commitment. In the final
stage, they increasingly desired similar attitudes, values and interests.
According to Berndt, children prize friendships that are high in prosocial
behavior, intimacy, and other positive features; they are troubled by
friendships that are high in conflict, dominance, rivalry, and other negative
features. High-quality friendships have often been assumed to have positive
effects on many aspects of children's social development. Perceived benefits
from such friendships include enhanced social success, but they apparently do
not include an effect on children's general self-esteem. Numerous studies with adults
suggest that friendships and other supportive relationships do enhance
self-esteem (Berndt, 2002).[full citation
needed] Other potential benefits of friendship
include the opportunity to learn about empathy and problem solving.[7] Coaching from parents can be
useful in helping children to make friends. Eileen Kennedy-Mooredescribes
three key ingredients of children's friendship formation: (1) openness, (2)
similarity, and (3) shared fun.[8][9][10] Parents can also help children
understand social guidelines they haven't learned on their own.[11] Drawing from research by
Robert Selman[12] and others, Kennedy-Moore
outlines developmental stages in children's friendship, reflecting an
increasing capacity to understand others' perspectives: "I Want It My
Way", "What's In It For Me?", "By the Rules",
"Caring and Sharing", and "Friends Through Thick and Thin."[13]
Two friends in Bhutan
A
study by researchers from Purdue University found that friendships
formed during post-secondary education last
longer than friendships formed earlier.[14]
Life
events such as marriage, parenthood, and
accelerated career development can complicate friendships in the transition
from young adulthood to middle adulthood. After marriage, both women and men
report having fewer friends of the opposite sex (Friendships, 2012).[full citation
needed]
Adults
may find it particularly difficult to maintain meaningful friendships in the
workplace. "The workplace can crackle with competition, so people learn to
hide vulnerabilities and quirks from colleagues. Work friendships often take on
a transactional feel; it is difficult to say where networking ends and real
friendship begins."[15] Most adults value the
financial security of their jobs more than friendship with coworkers.[16]
The
majority of adults have an average of two close friends.[17]
As
family responsibilities and vocational pressures become less, friendships
become more important.[18] Among the elderly, friendships
can provide links to the larger community; especially for people who cannot go
out as often, interactions with friends allow for continued societal
interaction. Additionally, older adults in declining health who remain in
contact with friends show improved psychological well-being.
Although
older adults prefer familiar and established relationships over new ones,
friendship formation can continue in old age. With age, elders report that the
friends to whom they feel closest are fewer in number and live in the same
community. They tend to choose friends whose age, sex, race, ethnicity, and
values are like their own. Compared with younger people, fewer older people
report other-sex friendships. Older women, in particular, have more secondary
friends—people who are not intimates, but with whom they spend time
occasionally, such as in groups that meet for lunch or bridge.
Three
significant factors make the formation of a friendship possible:
·
proximity, which
means being near enough to see each other or do things together;
·
repeatedly
encountering the person informally and without making special plans to see each
other; and
·
opportunities to
share ideas and personal feelings with each other.[19]
Friendships
end for many different reasons. Sometimes friends move away from each other and
are forced to move on due to the distance. As long as the two people have met
face-to-face in the past, however, digital technology has made geographic
distance less of an obstacle to maintaining an existing friendship than it
would have been previously. Sometimes divorce causes an end to friendships, as
people drop one or both of the divorcing people. At a younger age friendships
may end as a result of acceptance into new social groups. (Friendships, 2009;
Berry, 2012)
Friendships
may end by fading quietly away or may end suddenly. How and whether to talk
about the end of a friendship is a matter of etiquette that depends on the
circumstances.
Children
with Attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may not have difficulty
forming friendships, though they may have a hard time keeping them, due to
impulsive behavior and hyperactivity. Children with Attention
deficit disorder (ADD) may not have as much trouble keeping and
maintaining friendships, though inattentiveness may complicate the processes.
Parents
of children with ADHD worry about their children's ability to form long-lasting
friendships. According to Edelman, "Making and keeping friends requires
'hundreds' of skills – talking, listening, sharing, being empathetic, and so
on. These skills do not come naturally to children with ADD". Difficulty
listening to others also inhibits children with ADD or ADHD from forming good
friendships. Children with these disorders can also drive away others by
"blurting out unkind comments". Their disruptive behavior can become
too distracting to classmates.[20]
Children
with autism spectrum disorders
usually have some difficulty forming friendships. Certain symptoms of autism
can interfere with the formation of interpersonal relations, such as a
preference for routine actions, resistance to change, obsession with particular
interests or rituals, and a lack of typical social skills. Children with autism spectrum
disorders have been found to be more likely to be close friends of one person,
rather than having groups of friends. Additionally, they are more likely to be
close friends of other children with some sort of a disability.[21] A sense of parental attachment
aids in the quality of friendships in children with autism spectrum disorders;
a sense of attachment with one's parents compensates for a lack of social
skills that would usually inhibit friendships.[22]
With
time, moderation, and proper instruction, children with autism spectrum
disorder are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and
weaknesses. A study done by Frankel et al. showed that parental intervention
and instruction plays an important role in such children developing
friendships.[23]Along with parental intervention,
school professionals play an important role in teaching social skills and peer
interaction. Paraprofessionals, specifically one-on-one aides and classroom
aides, are often placed with children with autism spectrum disorders in order
to facilitate friendships and guide the child in making and maintaining
substantial friendships.[24]
Although
lessons and training may help peers of children with autism, bullying is still
a major concern in social situations. According to Anahad O'Connor of The New York Times,
bullying is most likely to occur against autistic children who have the most
potential to live independently, such as those with Asperger syndrome. Such children are more at
risk because they have as many of the rituals and lack of social skills as
children with full autism, but they are more likely to be mainstreamed in
school, since they are on the higher-functioning end of the autism spectrum.
Children on the autism spectrum have more difficulty picking up on social cues of when they are maliciously
being made fun of, so they do not always know when they are being bullied.[25]
Conventional
wisdom suggests that good friendships enhance an individual's sense of happiness and overall well-being. Indeed,
a number of studies have found that strong social supports improve a woman's
prospects for good health and longevity. Conversely, loneliness and a lack of
social supports have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease,
viral infections, and cancer, as well as higher mortality rates
overall. Two researchers have even termed friendship networks a
"behavioral vaccine" that boosts
both physical and mental health.[26]
While
there is an impressive body of research linking friendship and health, the
precise reasons for the connection remain unclear. Most of the studies in this
area are large prospective studies that follow people over a period of time,
and while there may be a correlation between
the two variables (friendship and health status), researchers still do not know
if there is a cause and effect relationship, such as the notion that good
friendships actually improve health. A number of theories have attempted to
explain this link. These theories have included that good friends encourage
their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; that good friends encourage
their friends to seek help and access services when needed; that good friends
enhance their friends' coping skills in dealing with illness and other health
problems; and that good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are
protective of health.[27]
![[icon]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
In
Diderot's Encyclopedie his definition offers an early modern conception of good
friendship in the 18th century. He writes:
"Friendship
is nothing other than the practice of maintaining a decent and pleasant
commerce with someone . Is friendship no more than that? Friendship , it will
be said, is not limited to those terms; it goes beyond those narrow boundaries.
But those who make this observation do not consider that two people do not,
without being friends, maintain a connection that has nothing incorrect about
it and that gives them reciprocal pleasure. The commerce that we may have with
men involves either the mind or the heart. The pure commerce of the mind is
called acquaintance ; the commerce in which the heart takes an interest
because of the pleasure it derives from it is friendship . I see no idea more
accurate and more suitable for explaining all that friendship is in itself and
likewise all its properties." [28]
The
qualities that make up a good friendship have changed over time. Presently,
friendship has two dimensions: quality and conflict (Demir, 2007).[full citation
needed]The quality of friendship is important for a
person's well-being. High quality friendships have good ways of resolving
conflict, ultimately leading to stronger and healthier relationships. Good
friendship has been called "life enhancing" (Helm, 2012).[full citation
needed] Engaging in activities with friends
intensifies pleasure and happiness. The quality of friendships relates to
happiness because friendship "provides a context where basic needs are
satisfied" (Demir, 2010).[full citation
needed]Quality friendships lead an individual to feel more
comfortable with his or her personal identity. Higher friendship quality
directly contributes to self-esteem, self-confidence, and social development
(Berndt, 2002).[full citation
needed]
Friendship
was a topic of moral philosophy greatly discussed by Plato, Aristotle, and Stoics. The topic was less discussed in the
modern era, until the re-emergence of contextualist and feminist approaches to ethics.[29] In Ancient Greece, openness in friendship was
seen as an enlargement of the self. Aristotle wrote, "The excellent person
is related to his friend in the same way as he is related to himself, since, a
friend is another self; and therefore, just as his own being is choiceworthy
for him, the friend's being is choice-worthy for him in the same or a similar
way."[30] In Ancient Greek, the same word
("philos") was used for "friend" and "lover".[31]
In Central Asia, male friendships tend to be
reserved and respectful in nature. They m
ay use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names.
ay use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names.
East Asian friends
The
respect that friends have in East Asian culture is understood to be
formed from a young age. Different forms ofrelationships in
social media and online chats are not considered an official friendship in East Asian
culture. Both female and male friendships in East Asia start at a
younger age and grow stronger through years of schooling and working together.
Different people in East Asian culture have a close, tight knit, group of
friends that they call their "best friends." In the United States, many
people refer to multiple people as their "best friends", as compared
to East Asian culture, where best friends are the 2-3 people closest to a
particular person. Being someone's best friend in East Asian culture is
considered an honor and privilege. In a Chinese context, there is a very strong
orientation towards maintaining and enhancing interpersonal relationships. The
relationships between friends in East and Central Asian culture holds a tight
bond that is usually never broken until someone geographically moves to another
part of the county or out of the country.[32]
Germans
typically have relatively few friends, although their friendships typically
last a lifetime, as loyalty is held in
high regard. German friendships provide a substantial amount of commitment and
support. Germans may appear aloof to people from other countries, as they tend
to be cautious and keep their distance when it comes to developing deeper
relationships with new people. They draw a strong distinction between their few
friends and their many associates, co-workers, neighbors, and others. A
relationship's transition from one of associates to one of friends can take
months or years, if it ever happens.[33]
In the Middle East and East Africa men hold hands
as a sign of friendship.
In Islamic cultures, friendship is also known as
companionship or ashab. The concept is taken seriously, and
numerous important attributes of a worthwhile friend have emerged in Islamic
media, such as the notion of a righteous (or saalih) person, who
can appropriately delineate between that which is good and
that which is evil. Concordance with the perspectives and
knowledge of others is considered to be important; forgiveness regarding
mistakes and loyalty between friends is emphasized, and a "love for the
sake of Allah" is
considered to be a relationship of the highest significance between two humans.[34]
It
is believed that in some parts of the Middle East (or Near East), friendship is more demanding when
compared with other cultures; friends are people who respect each other,
regardless of shortcomings, and will make personal sacrifices in order to
assist another friend, without considering the experience an imposition.[35]
Many Arab people perceive friendship
seriously, and deeply consider personal attributes such as social influence and the nature of a
person's character before
engaging in such a relationship.[35]
South Asian male friends in elation
Many
of the qualities of modern Russia's culture date back
to Soviet times. Scarcity in the Soviet Union led people
had to create relationships with people in certain businesses in order to get
the things they needed, such as a hospital employee to help obtain medical
attention. Such practices led to a community spirit and interpersonal
connections (Babaeva 2010).[full citation
needed] Many of these practices have continued to the
present day. Inefficiencies on the part of the government,
so Russians may find it easier to rely on their friends and family than on any
company or business. These traditional types of relationships are valued
greatly in Russia (Babaeva 2010).[full citation
needed]
The friendship bracelet is
an American example of the exchange of small tokens of friendship.
In
the United States, many types of relationships are deemed friendships. From the
time children enter elementary school, many teachers and adults
call their peers "friends" to children, and in most classrooms or
social settings, children are instructed as to how to behave with their
friends, and are told who their friends are (Stout 2010).[full citation
needed] This type of open approach to friendship has
led many Americans, adolescents in
particular, to designate a "best friend" with whom they are
especially close (Stout 2010).[full citation
needed] Many psychologists see this term as dangerous
for American children, because it allows for discrimination and cliques, which can lead to bullying (Stout 2010).[full citation
needed]
For
Americans, friends tend to be people whom they encounter fairly frequently, and
that are similar to themselves indemographics, attitude, and activities (Sheets
& Lugar 2005).[full citation
needed] While many other cultures value deep trust
and meaning in their friendships, Americans will use the word
"friend" to describe most people who have such qualities (Stout
2010).[full citation
needed] There is also a difference in the US between
men and women who have friendships with the same sex. According to research,
American men have less deep and meaningful friendships with other men. In the
abstract, many men and women in the United States have similar definitions of intimacy, but women are more likely to
practice intimacy in friendships (Yugar & Shapiro 2001).[full citation
needed] Many studies have also found that Americans
eventually lose touch with friends. This can be an unusual occurrence in many
other cultures (Sheets & Lugar 2005).[full citation
needed]
According
to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the American
Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a
loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985.[36][37] The study states that one
quarter of all Americans have no close confidants, and that the average total
number of confidants per person has dropped from four to two.
Divorce also contributes to the decline
in friendship among Americans. "In international comparisons, the divorce
rate in the United States is higher than that of 34 other countries including
the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia" (Newman &
Newman, 2012 p. 475).[full citation
needed] In divorce, many couples end up losing
friends through the process, as certain friends "side with" one
member of the relationship and lose the other.
The
advance of technology has also been blamed for declining friendships in the
United States. Ethan J. Leib, author of the book Friend vs. Friend and
law professor at the University of California-Hastings, suggests
that longer hours of work and a large amount of online communication take away
from personal communication, making it harder to form friendships. Social media
such as Facebook and Twitter have also led to a decrease in
the amount of personal communication experienced in everyday life, and serves
to make emotional attachments more difficult to achieve. (Newman & Newman)[full citation
needed] (Berry, 2012)[full citation
needed] (Freeman, 2011).[full citation
needed]
Agentic friendship
In
an agentic friendship, both parties look to each other for help in achieving
practical goals in their personal and professional lives.[38] Agentic friends may help with
completing projects, studying for an exam, or with moving a friend from
dwelling to dwelling. They value sharing time together, but only when they have
time available to help each other. These relationships typically do not include
the sharing of emotions or personal information.
Best
friend (or close friend)
Best
friends share extremely strong interpersonal ties with each other.
See
also: Best friends forever
Blood brother or sister
This
term can either refer to people related by birth or to friends who swear
loyalty by mixing their blood together. The latter usage has been practiced
throughout history, but is rarely continued today due to the dangers of blood-borne diseases.
This
antiquated American term was used during the 19th and 20th centuries to denote
two women who lived together in the same household independent of male support.
These relationships were not necessarily sexual. The term was used to quell
fears of lesbians after World War I.[clarification
needed]
A portmanteau of bro and romance,
a bromance is a close, non-sexual relationship between two or more men.
Buddy
Sometimes
used as a synonym for friend generally, "buddy" can specifically
denote a friend or partner with whom one engages in a particular activity, such
as a "study buddy."
Casual relationship or
"friends with benefits"
Also
referred to as a "hook-up," this term denotes a sexual or near-sexual
relationship between two people who do not expect or demand to share a formal
romantic relationship.
Communal
friendship
As
defined by Steven McCornack, this is a friendship in which friends gather often
to provide encouragement and emotional support in times of great need. This
type of friendship tends to last only when the involved parties fulfill the
expectations of support.[38]
This
term denotes an ally, friend, or colleague, especially in a military or political context.
Comradeship may arise in time of war, or when people have a mutual enemy or
even a common goal, in circumstances where ordinary friendships might not have
formed.[39] In English, the term is
associated with the Soviet Union, in which the Russian equivalent term, tovarishch (Russian: това́рищ),
was used as a common form of address.
Family
friend
This
term can denote the friend of a family member or the family member of a friend.
A
portmanteau of the words "friend" and "enemy," the term
"frenemy" refers to either an enemy disguised as a friend (a
proverbial wolf in sheep's
clothing) or a person who is both a friend and a rival. This may take the form of a love–hate
relationship. The term was reportedly coined by a sister of author
and journalistJessica Mitford in
1977 and popularized more than twenty years later on the third season of Sex and the City. One study by
psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad found that unpredictable love–hate
relationships can lead to elevations in blood pressure. In a previous study,
the same researcher found that blood pressure is higher around people for whom
one has mixed feelings than it is around people whom one clearly dislikes.[40]
An imaginary friend is a non-physical
friend, usually of a child. These friends may be human or animal, such as the
human-sized rabbit in the 1950 Jimmy Stewart film Harvey. Creation of an imaginary friend
may be seen as bad behavior or even taboo,
but is most commonly regarded as harmless, typical childhood behavior.[41]
An
internet friendship is a form of friendship or romance which takes place
exclusively over the internet. This may evolve
into a real-life friendship. Internet friendships are in similar context to pen
pals. People in these friendships may not use their true identities; parties in
an internet relationship may engage incatfishing.
Primarily
used in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, "mate" is a same-sex
friend, especially among males. In the UK, as well as Australia, the term also
has been taken up by women.
Cross-sex
friendships, which are nonsexual, are not always socially accepted. Although
complications can arise in such relationships, cross-sex friendships can be
strong and emotionally rewarding.[42][43]
Pen
pals are people who have a relationship primarily through mail correspondence.
They may or may not have met each other in person. This type of correspondence
was encouraged in many elementary school children;[when?] it
was thought that an outside source of information or a different person's
experience would help the child become more worldly. In modern times, internet
relationships have largely replaced pen pals, though the practice does
continue.
See
also: Ethology, Altruism in animals and Sociobiology
A man with a squirrel
Friendship
is also found among animals of higher intelligence, such as higher mammals and some birds.
Cross-species friendships are common between humans and domestic animals. Cross-species friendships
may also occur between two non-human animals, such as dogs and cats.
A
study conducted by Krista McLennan, a doctoral student at Northampton
University, investigated friendship in cows. McLennan measured the heart rates of
cattle on three separate occasions to determine their stress levels. In the
first trial, the cows were isolated from the rest of their herd. The second
trial penned the animal with another cow that they were familiar with. Finally,
the third trial put two random cows together. Her research showed that the cows
were much more stressed when alone or with an unfamiliar cow than they were
with one of their friends. This supports the idea that cows are social animals,
capable of forming close bonds with each other. McLennan suggests that if farmers group friends together, it could
benefit the cows by reducing their stress, improving their overall health and
even producing a greater milk yield.[44]
·
Female bonding - The development of
friendships between women
·
Social network - The architecture of
friendship
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p. Chapter 2: Orientalist Structures and Restructures. ISBN 978-0-394-74067-6. ISBN 0-394-74067-X.
33. Jump up^ Nees, Greg
(2000). Germany: Unraveling an Enigma.
Intercultural Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9781877864759.
Retrieved 5 October 2012.
35. ^ Jump up to:a b Radwan, Nouran. "Arab Friendship". Fact of Arabs.
Retrieved 10 June2012.
36. Jump up^ Kornblum,
Janet (June 22, 2006). Study: 25% of Americans have no one to confide in. USA Today.
37. Jump up^ McPherson,
Smith-Lovin, Brashears (Volume 71, Number 3, June 2006).Asanet.org American
Sociological Review.
38. ^ Jump up to:a b McCornack, Steven. Reflect
& Relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication. Boston:
Bedford. pp. 383–384.
39. Jump up^ Hedges, Chris (21 May 2003). "Text of the Rockford College graduation
speech". Rockford Register Star. Retrieved 25
October 2008.
40. Jump up^ "Caution: Frenemies can be bad for your health".
The Friendship Blog. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
41. Jump up^ Kennedy-Moore,
E. (2013). Imaginary friends.http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201301/imaginary-friends
42. Jump up^ Kennedy-Moore,
E. (20111). Can boys and girls be friends?http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201108/can-boys-and-girls-be-friends
44. Jump up^ "Heifer so lonely: How cows have best friends and
get stressed when they are separated". Mail Online (London).
5 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
·
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics.
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Bleske, April
L.; Buss, David M. (June 2000). "Can Men and Women Be Just
Friends?". In Personal Relationships 7 (2):
131–151. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00008.x.
·
Emerson, Ralph
Waldo (1841). "Friendship". Essays: First Series. Retrieved 18
August 2013.
·
Heyking, John
von; Avramenko, Richard (2008). Friendship and Politics: Essays in
Political Thought. Notre Dame, IN: University
of Notre Dame Press.
·
Hruschka, Daniel
(2010). Friendship: Development, Ecology and Evolution of a Relationship.
Berkeley, CA: University
of California Press.
·
Kalmijn,
Matthijs (March 2002). "Sex Segregation of Friendship Networks: Individual
and Structural Determinants of Having Cross-Sex Friends". European
Sociological Review 18(1): 101–117. doi:10.1093/esr/18.1.101.
·
Lepp, Ignace
(1966). The Ways of Friendship. New York: The Macmillan Company.
·
Muraco, Anna
(October 2005). "Heterosexual Evaluations of Hypothetical Friendship
Behavior Based on Sex and Sexual Orientation". Journal of Social
and Personal Relationships22 (5): 587–605. doi:10.1177/0265407505054525.
·
Reeder, Heidi M.
(August 2003). "The Effect of Gender Role Orientation on Same- and
Cross-Sex Friendship Formation". Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 49 (3–4):
143–152.
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(1979). Orientalism. United States: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74067-X.
·
Wilson, Amy
(2012). Put the End in Friend: Ridding Your Life of People that Suck.
New York: Kingery & Bailiff Enterprises, Chariton Press.
·
Yager, Jan
(2002). When Friendship Hurts: How to Deal With Friends Who Betray,
Abandon, or Wound You. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., Fireside
Books.
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Jump up^ Tarbox,
Todd. Orson Welles and Roger Hill: A Friendship in Three Acts.
BearManor Media. p. 328. ISBN 159393260X.
==//==
[PORTUGUESE VERSION]
Amizade
Origem:
Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Nota: Para
outros significados, veja Amizade (desambiguação). Nota: Colegas
redireciona para este artigo. Para o filme brasileiro, veja Colegas (filme). |
Foram
assinalados vários aspectos a serem melhorados nesta página ou secção:
·
As fontes não cobrem todo o texto.
·
Texto necessita
de revisão, devido a inconsistências e/ou
dados de confiabilidade duvidosa.
Marcas[Expandir]
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tema:
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Amizade (do latim amicus;
amigo, que possivelmente se derivou de amore; amar, ainda que se diga
também que a palavra provém do grego)
é uma relação afetiva, a princípio, sem características romântico-sexuais,
entre duas pessoas. Em sentido amplo, é um relacionamento humano que
envolve o conhecimento mútuo
e a afeição, além de lealdade ao
ponto doaltruísmo.
Neste aspecto, pode-se dizer que uma relação entre pais e filhos, entre irmãos,
demais familiares, cônjuges ounamorados,
pode ser também uma relação de amizade, embora não necessariamente.
A amizade pode ter como origem um instinto
de sobrevivência da espécie, com a necessidade de proteger e ser protegido por
outros seres. Alguns amigos se denominam "melhores amigos". Os
melhores amigos muitas vezes se conhecem mais que os próprios familiares e
cônjuge, funcionando como um confidente. Para atingir esse grau de amizade,
muita confiança e fidelidade são depositadas.
A amizade é uma das mais comuns relações
interpessoais que a maioria dos seres humanos tem na vida.1 Em
caso de perda da amizade, sugere-se a reconciliação e o perdão. Carl Rogers diz
que a amizade "é a aceitação de cada um como realmente ele é".
O Dia do Amigo (também
conhecido como "Dia da Amizade") é comemorado em 20 de julho.
A amizade, tem sido considerada pela
religião e cultura popular, como uma experiência humana de vital importância,
inclusive tendo sido santificada por várias religiões. No Poema de Gilgamesh, se
relata a amizade entre Gilgamesh e Enkidu.
Os greco-romanos tinham,
entre outros vários exemplos, a amizade entre Orestes e Pílades.
Na Bíblia, cita-se no livro de 1 Samuel, a amizade entre Davi (que
depois se tornaria rei em Israel) eJonatas (filho
do Rei Saul)2 . Os evangelhos canônicos falam
a respeito de uma declaração de Jesus, "Nenhum amor
pode ser maior que este, o de sacrificar a própria vida por seus amigos." 3 .
Salomão escreveu a sabedoria da Amizade em seus Provérbios: "Em todo o
tempo ama o amigo, e na angustia se faz o irmão"4 .
As relações de amizade são amplamente
retratadas tanto na literatura como
no cinema e na televisão.
como exemplos, podemos citar: Dom Quixote e Sancho Pança, Sherlock Holmes e Watson,
os Três Mosqueteiros, O gordo e o
magro, Os três patetas, a série Friends,
entre outros.
Índice
[esconder]
antiga de dois amigos.
A amizade comum costuma determinar, também
através da sabedoria popular, aquilo que se deve esperar como sendo componente
de uma amizade ideal. Embora muitas vezes na prática alguns ou muitos destes
componentes não estejam presentes na relação de amizade, a título informativo,
algumas destas afirmativas estarão sendo listadas abaixo:
·
A
tendência de desejar o melhor para o outro;
·
Simpatia e
empatia;
·
Honestidade;
·
Lealdade;
·
A amizade
leva a um sentimento de altruísmo e lealdade, ao ponto de colocarmos os
interesses do outro à frente de seu próprio interesse. Amizade resume-se em lealdade, confiança e amor, seja fraterno ou
mais profundo;
·
Os amigos
evitam ser sufocantes ao outro para que haja respeito nos direitos deste.
Evitam também sufocá-los com exigências, para que não haja o risco de
perdê-los;
·
Os amigos
se sentem atraídos pelos outros pela forma que eles são e não pelo que eles possuem.
As verdadeiras amizades tudo suportam, tudo esperam, tudo crêem e tudo perdoam
pelo simples fato de existir entre eles o verdadeiro amor, também conhecido
como amor storge = amor de amigos.
Tipos de amizade[editar | editar código-fonte]
Amizade
x coleguismo[editar | editar código-fonte]
de quatro amigos.
Em sentido mais estrito, são chamados de
amigos aquelas pessoas com quem se costuma realizar atividades recreativas,
tais como desportos, jogos diversos, sair à noite; ou no contexto dos adolescentes,
aqueles com os quais se dão melhor naescola.
Muitos apontam nisso uma confusão entre o
conceito de amigo e o de colega,
este sim um tipo de pessoa com o qual não há fortes laços de companheirismo,
apenas interesses afins.
Amizade entre sexos diferentes[editar | editar código-fonte]
Na maioria das culturas, considera-se
normal que os amigos sejam prioritariamente pessoas do mesmo sexo, embora esta
concepção tenha mudado bastante na sociedade ocidental do século XX. Ainda
assim, a amizade entre pessoas heterossexuais de sexos diferentes ainda é
muitas vezes vista com a desconfiança de que não seria nada mais que um mero
relacionamento com conotações sexuais, disfarçado. No Brasil frases
preconceituosas deste tipo são muito encontradas na cultura popular, tais como
"Amigo de mulher é mulher também ", ditas frequentemente por
namoradosciumentos.
Não existe, para a maioria das culturas, problemas explícitos, erro ou desvio
na amizade entre sexos diferentes, no entanto, é de frisar que existem sempre
sinais maiores que o simples preconceito aquando de uma amizade desta forma.
Praticamente todas as correntes da psiquiatria como as de Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Jacques Lacan e Melanie Klein convergem
para o consenso de que a amizade entre pessoas de sexos diferentes revela um
desejo inconsciente de procriação. Mas foi Jung que melhor descreveu este
processo emAberração,
Análise dos Sonhos e Transferência. Baseando-se em estudos de Gregor Mendel sobre
o DNA e aperfeiçoamento das espécies, Jung postulou que a "afinidade"
entre sexos opostos seria uma percepção ou detecção não consciente de genes
parcialmente compatíveis. Daí decorreria o desejo de estar em contato
permanente, proteção e preocupação recíprocas, revelar confidências, trocar
experiências, intimidade, afagos e carícias que nada mais são do que as
preliminares para a conjunção carnal com vistas à procriação.
Amizade colorida[editar | editar código-fonte]
Nota: Para
outros significados, veja Amizade colorida (desambiguação).
Segundo o dicionário Houaiss,
amizade colorida é um relacionamento amoroso e sexual, geralmente
passageiro, sem compromisso de estabilidade ou fidelidade.
Ou seja, é uma espécie de relação aberta em que pode existir uma intimidade física
entre as pessoas, bem diferente de uma amizade tradicional — também chamada amizade
preto-e-branco.
No Brasil,
é um relacionamento mais típico das últimas décadas, que descreve um
relacionamento entre duas pessoas onde estes são amigos, mas também costumam
ter algum tipo de relação de caráter romântico-sexual, sem que tenham realmente
um compromisso de namoro.
Este tipo de relação também é descrita em
ditados populares modernos, tais como "amigos também beijam".
Embora sejam conceitos diferentes, muitos
confundem a ideia de amizade colorida com os conceitos de ficada e relacionamento aberto.
Amizade por correspondência[editar | editar código-fonte]
Amizade por correspondência, e sua versão século XXI,
a amizade virtual, são relacionamentos entre pessoas que se comunicam por carta
ou internet, e desenvolvem entre si sentimentos idênticos ao de uma amizade
tradicional, sem de fato jamais terem se conhecido pessoalmente; ou quando
muito, se encontraram raramente.
Referências
1.↑ CARNEGIE, Dale. Como fazer
amigos e influenciar pessoas. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 2009. 51ª Edição.
Bibliografia[editar | editar código-fonte]
Outros projetos Wikimedia também contêm material sobre este
tema:
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·
Alcira Mattut, Maria. ¿Cómo hacernos
amigos de los libros mientras vemos televisão?: Manuais de la Librería Mediática
parágrafos Jóvenes Comunicadores (em espanhol). Primeira ed. Venezuela: [s.n.],
2014. 100 p. 1 vol. vol. 1. 666 Página visitada em 2 de julho de
2013.
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